11. Leistungskontrollen für Studierende – On-Line Praktikum Medizinische Strahlenphysik

Die folgenden Tests dienen der Leistungskontrolle für Studierende. Die Leistungskontrollen befinden sich noch in der Testphase. Daher können Sie gerne probieren und uns eine Rückmeldung geben 😉

Test - 1. & 2. Medizinphysik-Experte

1 / 6

Markieren Sie die Bereiche in welche ein MPE Arbeitet?

Strahlentherapie

Nuclearmedizin

Radiologie

Chirurgie

Radioonkologie

Humangenetik

2 / 6

Welche Wörter gehören in dem Fülltext über die DGMP?

DGMP steht für Deutsche Gesellschaft für Medizin Physik. Angeregt von Junge Medizinphysike (jMP) und unterstützt von der Firma Elektra wurde DGMP in Jahr _____ ins leben gerufen. Das Ziel der DGMP ist es zu fördern, möglichkeiten zu bieten und sich mit erfahrenen Medizinphysikexperten auszutauschen.

Ein Mentee des DGMPs muss im _____ sein oder vor maximal _____ Jahren sein Abschluss gemacht haben. Ein/e Mentor/in muss mindestens _____ Jahre im Beruf sein.

2019 / Studium / zwei / fünf

2018 / Studium / drei / fünf

2019 / Beruf / drei / sechs

2017 /Studium / zwei / fünf

3 / 6

In welchen Beriechen kann ein Medizinphysiker Arbeiten wenn er keine Fachkunde in Strahlenschutz hat ?

Stahlentherapie

Audiologie

Brachytherapie

MRT

Nuklearmedizin und Diagnostik

Medizinsche-Optik

4 / 6

Folgt sind die Schritte welche für eine Weiterbildung zum MPE gebraucht werden.

A. Fachanerkennung in Medizinischer Physik - Nach DGMP, eine Bescheinigung die über die Fachkunde hinausgeht - Ablauf, Weiterbildungsordnung der DMPG und folgt der EFOMP.1.

B. Studium in Medizinphysik etc. oder ein Master Abschluss.

C. 2 Strahlenschutzkurse - Grund- und Spezialkurz aus den Anwendungsgebiet. Kenntnisse der Strahlenschutz nachweisen zu können.

D. Fachkunde - Berechtigt nach Röntgenverordnung/ Strahlenschutzverordnung zum Umgang mit radioaktiven Stoffen oder ionisierende Strahlung.

E. Sachkunde - Praktische Ausbildung erfolgt in Klinik/Praxis Vollzeitanstellung von 2 Jahren. Erlernt Fähigkeiten und fachliches Hintergrundwissen.

F. Weitere Fachkunden - nach erlangen von MPE Status erfolgen weitere Fachkunden durch 6-Monate Sachkunde und 2 Strahlenschutzspezial Kurse in dem Fachkunde Bereich.

Welche Reihenfolge ist Korrekt?

ABCDEF

BECDFA

BDFECA

CBDFAE

5 / 6

In der Zukunft werden Medizinphysiker eine große Verantwortung haben in der Zusammenarbeit von welchen 3 Bereichen?

Mediziniern, Biologen und Informatikern

Mediziniern, Chemiker und Informatikern

Mediziniern, Chemikern und Logistikern

Medizinern, Pharmazeuten und Ingenieurn

6 / 6

Was sind einiger der Aufgaben eines MPEs?

Sicherstellen, dass technische Geräte sicher und effektiv arbeiten.

Alles über Physik und die neuesten Technologien zu wissen

Die Patienten für die Strahlentherpie zu lagern.

Die Diagnose festzustellen.

Your score is

Test - 4. Strahlenschutz (Teil 1: Grundlagen)

[h5p id="72"]

1 / 17

Wie viele Elektronen hat ein neutrales Atom eines chemischen Elements mit der Ordnungszahl Z?

genau Z

genau Z + N (Ordnungszahl plus Neutronenzahll)

genau N (Neutronenzahl)

genau Z-N

2 / 17

Die Kernladungszahl gibt an:

wie viele Neutronen der Atomkern besitzt

wie viele Nukleonen im Kern sind

wie viele Protonen im Kern sind

welche elektrische Ladung der Atomkern besitzt

3 / 17

Die Elektronenschalen werden mit K-, L-, M-, ... -Schale bezeichnet. Welche Elektronen sind dem Kern am nächsten?

4 / 17

Welchen Betrag hat die Ruheenergie eines Elektrons?

5,11 MeV

511 MeV

0,511 MeV

511 KeV

5 / 17

Die SI-Einheit der elektrischen Ladung ist:

Amperesekunden (As)

Wattsekunden (Ws)

Voltampere (VA)

Coulomb (C)

6 / 17

Was versteht man unter Ionisation?

Ablösen von Elektronen aus dem Atom

Freisetzen von Kernenergie

Nachleuchten der Materie

Kernspaltung

7 / 17

Welche Energieeinheiten werden für die Kennzeichnung von ionisierender Strahlung verwandt?

Watt

MeV

Kalori

8 / 17

Welche Strahlen sind Direkte Ionisierende Strahlen?

Photonen

Protonen

Elektronen

Neutronen

Alpha-Teilchen

9 / 17

Welche Strahlen sind Indirekte Ionisierende Strahlen?

Photonen

Protonen

Elektronen

Neutronen

Alpha-Teilchen

10 / 17

Welche Aussagen treffen auf Alpha-Strahlung zu?

Alpha-Strahlen...

...können Menschliche Haut nicht durchdringen.

...können in ener einzigen Zelle tausende Ionisation erzeugen.

...durchdringen die Luft einige Meter.

...werden von Menschlicher Haut nicht aufgehalten. Sie können wenige Milimeter bis Zentimeter in dem Menschen EIndringen.

...kommen nicht weit,werden durch wenige zentimerter Lust absorbiert.

...verteilen energie auf längeren weg, die treffer quote pro weg länge geringer

...ist Dichte Ionisierende Strahlnung.

...ist Lockere Ionisierende Strahlung.

...geben energie sehr kinzentriert ab, treffer quote pro längen weg hoch.

...ist ähnlich dem Licht eine elektromagnetisch Strahlung und besteht aus Photonen.

...durchdringt sehr leicht verschiedenste Materie.

...strahlt ohne Wechselwirkung durch Gewebe durch.

11 / 17

Welche Aussagen treffen auf Beta-Strahlung zu?

Beta-Strahlen...

...kommen nicht weit,werden durch wenige zentimerter Lust absorbiert.

...werden von Menschlicher Haut nicht aufgehalten. Sie können wenige Milimeter bis Zentimeter in dem Menschen EIndringen.

...können Menschliche Haut nicht durchdringen.

...durchdringen die Luft einige Meter.

...geben energie sehr kinzentriert ab, treffer quote pro längen weg hoch.

...können in ener einzigen Zelle tausende Ionisation erzeugen.

...verteilen energie auf längeren weg, die treffer quote pro weg länge geringer

...ist Dichte Ionisierende Strahlnung.

...ist Lockere Ionisierende Strahlung.

...ist ähnlich dem Licht eine elektromagnetisch Strahlung und besteht aus Photonen.

...durchdringt sehr leicht verschiedenste Materie.

...strahlt ohne Wechselwirkung durch Gewebe durch.

12 / 17

Welche Aussagen treffen auf Gamma-Strahlung zu?

Gamma-Strahlen...

...kommen nicht weit,werden durch wenige zentimerter Lust absorbiert.

...können Menschliche Haut nicht durchdringen.

...geben energie sehr kinzentriert ab, treffer quote pro längen weg hoch.

...durchdringt sehr leicht verschiedenste Materie.

...können in einer einzigen Zelle tausende Ionisation erzeugen.

...ist ähnlich dem Licht eine elektromagnetisch Strahlung und besteht aus Photonen.

...durchdringen die Luft einige Meter.

...werden von Menschlicher Haut nicht aufgehalten. Sie können wenige Milimeter bis Zentimeter in dem Menschen EIndringen.

...verteilen energie auf längeren weg, die treffer quote pro weg länge geringer

...ist Dichte Ionisierende Strahlnung.

...ist Lockere Ionisierende Strahlung.

...strahlt ohne Wechselwirkung durch Gewebe durch.

13 / 17

Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Gamma- und Röntgenstrahlung?

Röntgenstrahlen sind elektromagnetische Wellen, dagegen besteht Gammastrahlung aus materiellen Teilchen.

Bei einer Quantenenergie von weniger als 100 keV redet man von Röntgen- strahlung, oberhalb davon von Gammastrahlung.

Gammastrahlung kommt aus dem Atomkern, Röntgenstrahlung entsteht bei Wechselwirkungen von Elektronen mit der Atomhülle bzw. mit dem elektrischen Feld des Atomkerns.

Gamma- und Röntgenstrahlung sind bezüglich Entstehung und Eigenschaf- ten identisch.

14 / 17

Welche der folgenden Strahlungsarten lässt sich vollständig abschirmen?

Betastrahlen ohne Bremsstrahlungskomponente

Röntgen

alpha

Gamma

15 / 17

Zur Abschirmung von Röntgen- bzw. Gammstrahlung ist besonders gut geeignet..

Holz

Blei

Aluminium

Acrylglas

16 / 17

Was sind einige Schutzausrüstung und Maßnahmen im Strahlenschutz von Personen?

Bleischürzen

Film Doimeter

Regelmäßige Qualitätsprüfungen

Vollschutzgeräte mit Schutterfunktion und Warnlampen

Schutzhandschuhe

Glasstrennwände

17 / 17

Welche Aussage über ein Strahlenschutzverantworticher/ -beauftragter ist Korrekt?

Ein Strahlenschutzbeauftragter ist eine natürliche Person, bei der keine Bedenken gegen deren Zuverlässigkeit bestehen. Diese Person muss die notwendige Fachkunde besitzen und den innerbetrieblichen Entscheidungsbereich an die Aufsichtsbehörde übermitteln.

Ein Strahlenschutzverantwortlicher ist eine natürliche Person, bei der keine Bedenken gegen deren Zuverlässigkeit bestehen. Diese Person muss die notwendige Fachkunde besitzen und den innerbetrieblichen Entscheidungsbereich an die Aufsichtsbehörde übermitteln.

Ein Strahlenschutzverantwortlicher ist, wer eine Genehmigung zum Betrieb einer Strahlenquelle bedarf. Es ist eine natürliche oder juristische Person, welche auch im kommunalen Verband Betreiber des Krankenhauses, meist Verwaltungsleiter oder Geschäftsführer ist. In Arztpraxen ist er Praxisinhaber.

Ein Strahlenschutzbeauftragter ist, wer eine Genehmigung zum Betrieb einer Strahlenquelle bedarf. Es ist eine natürliche oder juristische Person, welche auch im kommunalen Verband Betreiber des Krankenhauses, meist Verwaltungsleiter oder Geschäftsführer ist. In Arztpraxen ist er Praxisinhaber.

Your score is

Test - 4. Strahlenschutz (Teil 2: Dosis)

1 / 19

Welche Dosisart kann mit der obigen Formel berechnet werden?

Äquivalentdosis

Effektiv Dosis

Energiedosis

Keine dieser Dosisarten

Fluenz

Aktivität

Energiedosisleistung

2 / 19

Energie Dosis (D) ...

...ist durch ionisierende Strahlung übertragene energie pro massen Einheit / aufgenommene Strahlungsenerie eines Körpers

...hat die Einheit Gray [Gy] = 1 J/kg

..hat die SI-Einheit Sievert [Sv] und in der Praixis wird üblicherweise mSv benutzt.

...ist die physikalische größe der radioaktiven Quellen, dass heißt, die durch Strhalung transportierte Energie

...hat die Einheit Joule [J] oder Elektronen Volt [eV]

3 / 19

Strahlungsenergie ...

...ist durch ionisierende Strahlung übertragene energie pro massen Einheit / aufgenommene Strahlungsenerie eines Körpers

...hat die Einheit Gray [Gy] = 1 J/kg

..hat die SI-Einheit Sievert [Sv] und in der Praixis wird üblicherweise mSv benutzt.

...ist die physikalische größe der radioaktiven Quellen, dass heißt, die durch Strhalung transportierte Energie

...hat die Einheit Joule [J] oder Elektronen Volt [eV]

4 / 19

Was ist die Strahlungsenergie von Sichtbareslicht?

bis 2eV

4eV

bis mehrere 100keV

bis 2,5MeV

bis 3MeV

bis 8MeV

5 / 19

Was ist die Strahlungsenergie von UV-Strahlung?

bis 3MeV

bis 2eV

bis 8MeV

4eV

bis 2,5MeV

bis mehrere 100keV

6 / 19

Was ist die Strahlungsenergie von Gamma-Strahlung?

bis 3MeV

4eV

bis 8MeV

bis mehrere 100keV

bis 2,5MeV

bis 2eV

7 / 19

Welche Dosisart kann mit der obigen Formel berechnet werden?

Äquivalentdosis

Effektiv Dosis

Energiedosis

Keine dieser Dosisarten

Fluenz

Aktivität

Energiedosisleistung

8 / 19

Effektiv Dosis...

...ist durch ionisierende Strahlung übertragene energie pro massen Einheit / aufgenommene Strahlungsenerie eines Körpers

...hat die SI-Einheit Gray [Gy] = 1 J/kg

...hat die SI-Einheit Sievert [Sv] und in der Praixis wird üblicherweise mSv benutzt.

...ist die physikalische größe der radioaktiven Quellen, dass heißt, die durch Strhalung transportierte Energie

...hat die Einheit Joule [J] oder Elektronen Volt [eV]

9 / 19

Welche der folgenden Situationen hat die höchste Effektiv Strahlung?

Transantlantikflug

CT aufnahmen

Röntgen der Lunge

10 / 19

Der Massenschwächungskoeffizient...

ist definiert als Schwächungskoeffizient durch Dichte.

ist unabhängig von der Photonenenergie.

ist unabhängig von der Dichte des Absorbers.

hat die Einheit cm^2/g.

11 / 19

Äquivalentdosis (H) ...

...wichtet die Energiedois unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen wirksamkeit der Strahlung

...wichtet die Äquivalentdosis unter Berücksichtigung der Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Organe und Gewebe.

...eine physikalische Größe zur Beschreibung von Strahlung oder bewegter Materie / beschreibt die Anzahl von Teilchen die durch eine Fläche hindurchgetreten sind

... die SI-Einheit der Aktivität einer bestimmten Menge einer radioaktiven Substanz / die mittlere Anzahl der Atomkerne, die pro Sekunde radioaktiv zerfallen

...Anzahl der Kernzerfälle pro Zeitintervall

12 / 19

Effektiven Dosis (H_eff) ...

...eine physikalische Größe zur Beschreibung von Strahlung oder bewegter Materie / beschreibt die Anzahl von Teilchen die durch eine Fläche hindurchgetreten sind

...wichtet die Energiedois unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen wirksamkeit der Strahlung

...wichtet die Äquivalentdosis unter Berücksichtigung der Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Organe und Gewebe.

...Anzahl der Kernzerfälle pro Zeitintervall

... die SI-Einheit der Aktivität einer bestimmten Menge einer radioaktiven Substanz / die mittlere Anzahl der Atomkerne, die pro Sekunde radioaktiv zerfallen

13 / 19

Welche Dosisart kann mit der obigen Formel berechnet werden?

Äquivalentdosis

Aktivität

Fluenz

Effektiv Dosis

Energiedosis

Energiedosisleistung

Keine dieser Dosisarten

14 / 19

Fluenz (Φ)...

...wichtet die Energiedois unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen wirksamkeit der Strahlung

...wichtet die Äquivalentdosis unter Berücksichtigung der Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Organe und Gewebe.

...eine physikalische Größe zur Beschreibung von Strahlung oder bewegter Materie / beschreibt die Anzahl von Teilchen die durch eine Fläche hindurchgetreten sind

... die SI-Einheit der Aktivität einer bestimmten Menge einer radioaktiven Substanz / die mittlere Anzahl der Atomkerne, die pro Sekunde radioaktiv zerfallen

...Anzahl der Kernzerfälle pro Zeitintervall

15 / 19

Bequerel (Bq)...

...wichtet die Energiedois unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen wirksamkeit der Strahlung

...wichtet die Äquivalentdosis unter Berücksichtigung der Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Organe und Gewebe.

...eine physikalische Größe zur Beschreibung von Strahlung oder bewegter Materie / beschreibt die Anzahl von Teilchen die durch eine Fläche hindurchgetreten sind

... die SI-Einheit der Aktivität einer bestimmten Menge einer radioaktiven Substanz / die mittlere Anzahl der Atomkerne, die pro Sekunde radioaktiv zerfallen

...Anzahl der Kernzerfälle pro Zeitintervall

16 / 19

Die Halbwertsdicke x_1/2 ...

... ist die Dicke einer Quelle, bei der nur die Hälfte ihrer Aktivität in den Außenraum gelangt.

... ist die Hälfte der Dicke eines Absorbers, der 100 % einer auftreffenden Strahlung absorbiert.

... ist diejenige Dicke eines Absorbers, die die Dosisleistung um die Hälfte reduziert.

... ist umso kleiner, je größer die Ordnungszahl des Absorbers ist.

17 / 19

Welche Dosisart kann mit der obigen Formel berechnet werden?

Äquivalentdosis

Aktivität

Effektiv Dosis

Energiedosisleistung

Energiedosis

Fluenz

Keine dieser Dosisarten

18 / 19

Aktivität / Zerfallrate ...

... wichtet die Energiedois unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen wirksamkeit der Strahlung

... wichtet die Äquivalentdosis unter Berücksichtigung der Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Organe und Gewebe.

... eine physikalische Größe zur Beschreibung von Strahlung oder bewegter Materie / beschreibt die Anzahl von Teilchen die durch eine Fläche hindurchgetreten sind

... die SI-Einheit der Aktivität einer bestimmten Menge einer radioaktiven Substanz / die mittlere Anzahl der Atomkerne, die pro Sekunde radioaktiv zerfallen

... Anzahl der Kernzerfälle pro Zeitintervall

19 / 19

Wo von ist die Schädlichkeit von Strahlung abhängig?

Dauer

Art der Strahlung

Intensität

Körperbereich

Your score is

Test - 3. Oncology

1 / 23

Mark all procedures that are regularly used for tumor diagnostics.

X-Rays

Allergie Test

Scintigraphy

PET

MRI

Hair-analysis

Physical-Examination

Biofeedback

2 / 23

What are the two main Tumor Therapy approaches?

Curative Tumor Therapy

Palliative Tumor Therapy

Direct Tumor Therapy

Indirekt Tumor Therapy

3 / 23

Which Statements regarding Curative Tumor Therapy are correct?

A Curative Tumor Therapy is radical with the intention to cure.

Curative Tumor Therapy is often used for Metastatic Tumors.

Curative Tumor Therapy, only has the effect of controlling symptoms and improving the quality of life.

The therapy steps for Curative Tumor Therapy can be as follows. 1.Primary surgery 2.adjuvant chemotherapy Or 1.neoadjuvant chemotherapy 2.Primary surgery.

4 / 23

Which Statements regarding Palliative Tumor Therapy are correct?

A Palliative Tumor Therapy is radical with the intention to cure.

Palliative Tumor Therapy is often used for Metastatic Tumors.

Palliative Tumor Therapy, only has the effect of controlling symptoms and improving the quality of life.

The therapy steps for Palliative Tumor Therapy can be as follows. 1.Primary surgery 2.adjuvant chemotherapy Or 1.neoadjuvant chemotherapy 2.Primary surgery.

5 / 23

A patient with breast cancer would get radiotherapy before surgery to reduce the Tumor size in advance. Thus the surgery will hopefully be a breast-conserving surgical treatment (partial mastectomy) instead of a radical mastectomy. After that she will get chemotherapy to destroy any possible remaining Tumor cells.

Which descriptions of the treatment kinds are correct?

Radiotherapy - neoadjuvant / Surgery - primary / Chemotherapy - adjuvant

Radiotherapy - neoadjuvant / Surgery - adjuvant / Chemotherapy - primary

Radiotherapy - adjuvant / Surgery - neoadjuvant / Chemotherapy - primary

Radiotherapy - primary / Surgery - neoadjuvant / Chemotherapy - adjuvant

6 / 23

What are the three Factors that need to be considered for Tumor Therapy?

Tumor factors

Therapy factors

Patient factors

Radiation factors

7 / 23

There are three ways a Tumor can spread

Which statement describes Hematogen spreading?

Spread through blood to distant places

Penetration into lypnodes and vessels

Local invasion of adjacent structures

8 / 23

The Three Pillers of Tumor Therapie are...

Initial Tests & Imaging

Tissue diagnosis

Staging

Contouring OAR

9 / 23

Which Illustration shows the following form of dysplasia?

Metaplasia...

10 / 23

Which Illustration shows the following form of dysplasia?

Hypertrophy...

11 / 23

A 85 year old men with multiple underlying-deseases (cardio-vascular, several stent inplants) with T1N0M0 prostate cancer wants a decision regarding possible treatments. What do you think may be the best options?

Wait and see.

radical surgery followed by intense radiotherapy and systematic chemo.

12 / 23

Patient A suffers from a Tumor in the left lung which, according to the last examination, already penetrated the pulmonary pleurae (first layer of the outer lung membrane within the chest) of the tissue, which lead to an infestation of the surrounding Lymphnodes on one side. However, there are no signs of metastases yet.

Thus, according to the TNM coding, the Tumor can be staged as a...

T2N1M0

T1N1M0

T3N2M1

T2N2M0

T3N2M0

13 / 23

Patient B suffers from a tumor in the right breast. The primary tumor already reached a diameter of 1.8 cm, but is still isolated within its surrounding membrane. There is no evidence for lymphnode-infestation or metastatic tissue.

By that, the tumor can be assumed as a ... tumor.

T1N0M0

T1N1M0

T2N0M0

T2N1M0

14 / 23

Patient C suffers from a tumor within his colon, which already penetrated the muscle layer, but is still bound by the subserosa. According to the latest diagnosis, there are no metastases or affected lymphnodes.

By that, the tumor can be assumed as a ... tumor.

T4N0M0

T3N1M0

T3N0M0

T2N1M0

15 / 23

Patient D also suffers from a tumor within his colon, but unlike Patient C, the tumor already penetrated the serosa. Unfortunately, there is clear evidence of lymphnode-infestation in the surrounding lymphnodes. The latest diagnose showed metastases in the stomach.

By that, the tumor can be assumed as a ... tumor.

T4N1M1

T3N1M1

T4N2M1

T3N1M0

16 / 23

Patient E suffers from tumorous tissue growth within the brain, but according to the diagnosis, the tumor is not originated from the brain, stating that the abnormal tissue within the brain is metastatic tissue. Further diagnosis gave no clue on the primary tumor location or any corresponding lymphnode-infestation.

By that, the tumor can be assumed as a ... tumor.

T3N1M1

TXN0M1

T4N0M0

TXN1M1

17 / 23

The BRCA mutation, an hereditary syndrome, is known as increasing-risk factor for which of the shown cancer types?

Lung Cancer

Breast Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Brain Metastases

Gynecologic Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Myeloma

18 / 23

The Lynch syndrome increases the risk for which of the shown cancer types?

Lung Cancer

Breast Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Brain Metastases

Gynecologic Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Myeloma

19 / 23

Hemoptysis is a known symptom for which kind of Tumor?

Lung Cancer

Breast Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Brain Metastases

Gynecologic Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Myeloma

20 / 23

Mark the 5 cancer localisations with the best prognosis.

kidney

pancreas

lung

testicle

gall bladder

malignant melanoma

liver

thyroid

uterus

brain (Glioblastoma)

21 / 23

Mark the 5 cancer localisations with the worst prognosis.

pancreas

kidney

uterus

malignant melanoma

brain (Glioblastoma)

gall bladder

lung

thyroid

testicle

liver

22 / 23

Which of the following cancer types can be diagnosed using a PSA screening?

Lung Cancer

Breast Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Brain Metastases

Gynecologic Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Myeloma

23 / 23

The spinal cord compression is stated as a medical emergency and can originate from several sources. Which of the following cancer types below fit as such sources?

Lung Cancer

Breast Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Brain Metastases

Gynecologic Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Myeloma

Your score is

Test - 5. Radiotherapy (Part 1: Basics)

1 / 13

Tumors are most commonly treated in three ways: What are they and which description is correct?

Surgery = cutting cancer out

Radiotherapie = gets rid of cancer which has spread and reduces chances of relaps

Radiotherapie = removes any remaining cells by damaging the DNA of the Cancer cells which causes them to die

Chemotherapie/Hormontherapie = gets rid of cancer which has spread and reduces chances of relaps

Chemotherapie/Hormontherapie = removes any remaining cells by damaging the DNA of the Cancer cells which causes them to die

2 / 13

What is important when Radiotherapie treatments are repeated? What is the missing word?

The Patient _____ must she the same during each treatment to insure the best results.

3 / 13

Name two technologies improving Tumour treatment:

4 / 13

Which Statements are correct regarding Fractionation?

Fractionation...

...covers the distribution of the total dose applied into smaller amounts, maximizing the cell damage on healthy tissue and minimizing the DNA damage on tumorous tissue

...radiation aims on affecting Tumor cells during their division cycle, their M-phase, in order to deal adequate DNA damage and ultimately killing the cell.

...Fractionation makes use of this division cycle effect by maximizing the chance of hitting a tumor cell within its M-phase over several applications, leading to a faster and healthier destruction of the tumor.

...radiation aims on affecting Tumor cells during their growth cycle, their G1-phase, in order to deal adequate DNA damage and ultimately killing the cell.

5 / 13

What are the two ways that radiation damages cancer cells and that is the main goal?

Direct DNA damage : Less common!

Indirect DNA damage : Less common!

Indirect DNA damage : Most common!

Direct DNA damage : Most common!

To produce a double strand break in DNA.

To produce a single strand break in DNA.

6 / 13

What are the 4 R's of Radiotherapie?

Repair

Reoxygenation

Redirection

Rapid

Repopulation

Reassortment

Reaction

None of these

7 / 13

What is meant by Reassortment concerning Fractionation in Radiotherapy? Select the most fitting answers.

The synchronization of tumor cell population. This means an increase in chance of dealing lethal damage to more tumor cells in the same phase within their M-phase at the next dose application.

The desynchronization of tumor cell population. This means an increase in chance of dealing lethal damage to more tumor cells, since the cells are more likely to be in different phases at the next dose application.

The synchronization of tumor cell population. This means an increase in chance of dealing lethal damage to more tumor cells in the same phase within their S-phase at the next dose application.

None of these.

8 / 13

Which of these statements concerning Repopulation (in the context of fractionation) is true? Select the most fitting answers.

The repopulation speeds up after a certain time.

The repopulation speed is constant.

None of these.

Repopulation of tumor cells becomes faster if treatement is paused for longer than the doubling time of the tumor cells.

Repopulation of tumor cells becomes faster if treatement is paused for longer than half the doubling time of the tumor cells due to the asynchronous cell cycles.

9 / 13

Which of these statements concerning Repair (in the context of fractionation) is true? Select the most fitting answers.

Fractionation allows repair of sublethal damage on cells after radiation.

Fractionation avoids repair of sublethal damage on cells after radiation.

Tumor cells are more likely to repair after sublethal damage.

None of these.

Healthy cells are more likely to repair after sublethal damage.

10 / 13

Which of these statements concerning Reoxygenation (in the context of fractionation) is true? Select the most fitting answers.

Oxygenated cells are 2-3 times more sensitive to irradiation than hypoxic cells.

Oxygenated cells are 2-3 times less sensitive to irradiation than hypoxic cells.

Tumor cell population after irradiation is dominated by hypoxic cells.

Tumor cell population after irradiation is dominated by oxygenated cells.

None of these.

11 / 13

What are some Supporting aids in Radiotherapie?

Masks

Vacuum Pillows

Warming Blanket

Forming Blankets

Head brace

Body cast

Armrests

Lungboards

Headrests

12 / 13

The following paragraph describes the basics of PET. Which order of words fits the blanks?

PET stands for Positron Emission Tomography, it is a combination of *nuclear* medicine and *biochemical analysis*. This combination occurs because PET uses computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure *metabolic activity* in the *cells* of body tissue.

biochemical analysis / cells / nuclear / metabolic activity

nuclear / biochemical analysis / metabolic activity / cells

metabolic activity / nuclear / cells / biochemical analysis

cells / metabolic activity / biochemical analysis / nuclear

13 / 13

Assign the correct imaging type to the shown neuroimages by selecting the box with the correct answer:

1. fMRI 2. 3. Angio

4. MRI 5. PET

1.MRI / 2.CT / 3.Angio / 4. fMRI / 5.PET

1.PET / 2.MRI / 3.Angio / 4. CT / 5.fMRI

1.fMRI / 2.CT / 3.Angio / 4. MRI / 5.PET

Your score is

Test - 5. Radiotherapy (Part 2: Organs at Risk and Treatment Planning)

1 / 16

Organs at Risk: Which statment is Correct?

Serial organs at risk vs. Volumetric Organs at risk

Serial organs at risk consist of partial areas, if a partial area is destroyed, the entire organ fails.

In the case of a partial failure, the entire organ function is disturbed in serial organs.

Volumetric organs at risk consist of partial areas, if a partial area is destroyed, the remaining organ is not affected and can continue to function normally. However, this only happens if the destroyed part is not too large.

In the case of a partial failure of a volumetric organ, the remaining part of the organ is unaffected.

In the case of a partial failure of a serial organ, the remaining part of the organ is unaffected.

In the case of a partial failure, the entire organ function is disturbed in volumetric organs.

Serial organs at risk consist of partial areas, if a partial area is destroyed, the remaining organ is not affected and can continue to function normally. However, this only happens if the destroyed part is not too large.

Volumetric organs at risk consist of partial areas, if a partial area is destroyed, the entire organ fails.

2 / 16

What common damages can be caused by radiation on which organs?

Mark boxes with the correct Statements:

Bladder - Macrohematuria, cystitis

Heart - Pneumonitis, fibrosis

Kidney - Loss of function, hypertension, anemia

Bladder - Loss of function, hypertension, anemia

Liver - hepatitis

Heart - Pericarditis, increased risk of cardiac death

3 / 16

Mark all possible OAR's concerning radiation therapy of brain tumors. (Pay attention to the Myelon and its corresponding tolerance regions)

Chiasm

Submandibular-gland

Lung

Brainstem

Oesophagus

Heart

Optic-nerve

Eyes

Myelon

4 / 16

Mark all possible OAR's concerning radiation therapy of breast tumors. (Pay attention to the Myelon and its corresponding tolerance regions)

Chiasm

Submandibular-gland

Lung

Brainstem

Oesophagus

Heart

Myelon

Brain

5 / 16

Mark all possible OAR's concerning radiation therapy of lung tumors. (Pay attention to the Myelon and its corresponding tolerance regions)

Myelon+5mm

Chiasm

Myelon+8mm

Brain

Lung

Brainstem

Eyes

Parotid-gland

6 / 16

Mark all possible OAR's concerning radiation therapy of HNO tumors. (Pay attention to the Myelon and its corresponding tolerance regions)

Chiasm

Submandibular-gland

Lung

Brainstem

Oesophagus

Heart

Eyes

Myelon

Myelon+5mm

Brain

7 / 16

Which functions do the organs at risk normally have?

Mark boxes with the correct Statements:

Liver - Detoxification, metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins

Liver - Detoxification, regulation of blood pressure, water and salt / acid-base balance

Kidney - Detoxification, metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins

Kidney - Detoxification, regulation of blood pressure, water and salt / acid-base balance

Spinal cord - Transfer of information between the brain and the body

Brain stem - Transfer of information between the brain and the body

8 / 16

There are various Target Volume abbreviations, what does GTV stand for?

Great Target Volume

General Target Volume

Gross Target Volume

9 / 16

There are various Target Volume abbreviations, what does ITV stand for?

Internal Target Volume

Initial Target Volume

Irradiated Target Volume

Imaging Target Volume

10 / 16

There are various Target Volume abbreviations, what does PTV stand for?

Post Target Volume

Parcial Target Volume

Planning Target Volume

11 / 16

There are various Target Volume abbreviations, what does TV stand for?

Treatment Volume

Treated Volume

Tomographic Volume

Target Volume

12 / 16

Who does what... ? Who is Planning the radiation?

Medical Physicist

Doctor

MTRA

Student assistant

13 / 16

Who does what... ? Who is Delineating the target volume?

Delineating the target volume

Medical Physicist

Doctor

MTRA

Student Assistant

14 / 16

Who does what... ? Who takes care of the Immobilisation of the Patient?

immobilisation of the patient

Medical Physicist

Doctor

MTRA

Student Assistant

15 / 16

Who does what... ? Who is Delineating Organs at Risk?

Delineating organs at risk

Medical Physicist

Doctor

MTRA

Student Assistant

16 / 16

Listed bellow are Radio Treatment Steps. What order from First to Last Step is correct?

A. Follow up

B. Consultation

C. Treatment

D. Simulation

E. Treatment Planning

B C E D A

B D E C A

E B D C A

Your score is

Test - 5. Radiotherapy (Part 3: LINAC, Quality Assurance, Dosimetry and etc.)

1 / 12

Which Statments regarding Imaging are Correct?

MV = MegaVolt

MV Bildgebung - Besser für Knochen

kV = kiloVolt

MV Bildgebung - Bessere Strahlung für Weichgewebe

kV Bildgebung - Bessere Strahlung für Weichgewebe

kV Bildgebung - Besser für Knochen

2 / 12

Is this Quality Assurance aim correct?

The aim is to ensure that the patient can always be treated as reproducibly as possible over several weeks. It is very important that device parameters always remain constant and the performance characteristics of the Machine are monitored through out its life time.

True

False

3 / 12

What are some of the typical Quality assurance Checks?

Simple and complex mechanical electrical checks

Simple and complex electrical checks

Beam Parameter checks

None of these

4 / 12

There are three Areas of Dosimetry:

1. Reference/absolute dosimetry 2. Relative dosimetry 3. Multi-dimensional plan verification

What is Multi-dimensional plan verification?

This is about getting the dose at a reference point with closest accuracy.

In this approach, complete patient plans are remeasured using spatial resolution detectors. The term dose imaging can also be used for this area.

This is about getting the dose "relative" to a reference point (often identical to 1.). This typically involves determining so-called dose profiles, depth dose curves and output factors.

5 / 12

Name the corresponding factors listed below, choose the box with the word in the correct order matching the order of abbreviations.

k,pT: *Air density*

k,h: *Air humidity*

k,S: *Saturation*

k,r: *Measurement location shift*

k,T: *Temperature*

Air density / Air humidity / Saturation / Radiation quality of photon radiation in reference depth / Temperature

Air density / Air humidity / Saturation / Measurement location shift / Temperature

Temperature / Air humidity / Saturation / Measurement location shift / Air density

Air density / Air humidity / Saturation / Radiation quality of electron radiation in reference depth / Temperature

6 / 12

Which types of afterloading are used in Brachytherapy?

Intravascular

Interstitial

Intraluminal

Contact Therapy

None of these

Intracavitary

Intravenously

non-intraluminal

7 / 12

Which statement is true about Gamma Radiation?

Gamma Radiation...

...uses no electrical charge.

...has electrical charge and is heavy.

... penetrated deeply into the body.

...loses energy relativly slowly when passing through matter, but loses a whole lot just at the end (called Bragg Peak).

...goes through layers of tissue and weaken untill it hits the Tumour.

...hits the Tumor hard and damages healthy surrounding tissue less.

8 / 12

Which statement is true about Photon Radiation?

Photon Radiation...

...loses energy relativly slowly when passing through matter, but loses a whole lot just at the end (called Bragg Peak).

...has electrical charge and is heavy.

... penetrated deeply into the body.

...uses no electrical charge.

..goe through layers of tissue and weaken untill it hits the Tumour.

...hits the Tumor hard and damages healthy surrounding tissue less.

9 / 12

What are the three Radiation protection areas mentiones in the Chapter 5. ?

Radiation area (effetic dose > 3mSv/a)

Monitoring area (effetic dose > 1mSv/a)

Control area (effetic dose > 6mSv/a)

Restricted area (effetic dose > 3mSv/a)

10 / 12

What are the most important shielding materials?

Lead

Paraffin

Glass

Aluminium

11 / 12

Above what energy of the radiation can activation products be expected?
In physics, activation refers to the transformation of stable into unstable, radioactive substances by irradiation. Depending on the element, this occurs from a gamma energy of about...

1.5 MeV

4 MeV

2 MeV

3 MeV

12 / 12

What are some of the Special techniques introduced in this Chapter 5. Radiologie?

Gamma Knife

Alpha Knife

Cyber Knife

MRI Guided Radiation

CT Guided Radiation

Your score is

Test - 6. Nuclear Medicine (Part 1)

1 / 9

Which Statement explaining Nuclear Medicine is correct?

Nuclear medicine uses open radioactive isotopes projected onto the body to specifically analyse metabolic processes or to influence them.

Nuclear medicine uses open radioactive isotopes in the body to specifically analyse metabolic processes or to influence them.

2 / 9

Which 3 essential parts are needed for a working gamma camera in principle?

Electron Gun

Collimator

Scintillation Crystal

Accelerating Waveguide

Photomultiplier Tube

3 / 9

One of the most common nuclides used in nuclear medicine is Tc-99m. It decays with a half-life of 6 hours.

How much of the original activity of Tc-99m can be expected after 9 hours?

Approx. 35%

Approx. 50%

Approx. 25%

Approx. 12.5%

4 / 9

How is Technetium-99m produced?

Stable particles are bombarded with Stable particles.

High energy particles are bombarded with high energy particles.

High energy particles are bombarded with Stable particles.

Stable particles are bombarded with high energy particles.

Stable particles are bombarded with low energy particles.

Low energy particles are bombarded with high energy particles.

5 / 9

Positron emission tomography (PET for short) is an imaging procedure in nuclear medicine. Describe the physical decay process on which PET is based.

Beta+ decay: In this process, a proton in the nucleus of the initial isotope is first converted into a neutron. A positron and a neutrino are emitted. The emitted positron very quickly annihilates with an electron from the surroundings to form two gamma quanta.

Beta- decay: In this process, a neutron in the nucleus of the initial isotope transforms into a proton, electron and an anti-neutrino. The atomic nucleus remains in an excited state, and gamma radiation is emitted during the transition to the ground state.

Alpha- decay: A helium-4 atomic nucleus forms in the atomic nucleus and tunnels out of the atomic nucleus. If the original atomic nucleus remains in an excited state, gamma radiation is emitted during the transition to the ground state.

6 / 9

What are the main differences between PET and SPECT? What are the advantages/disadvantages of using SPECT in contrast to PET?

In contrast to PET, SPECT uses a different gamma camera working concept by mainly using the collimators to detect radiation from a certain direction and filtering out remaining radiation apart from the adjusted directions.

PET only uses short-lived radionuclides, SPECT does not. This leads to a cheaper working system without reducing the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the cameras.

In contrast to PET, SPECT uses a different gamma camera working concept by mainly using the collimators to detect radiation from a certain direction without filtering out remaining radiation apart from the adjusted directions.

PET only uses short-lived radionuclides, SPECT does not. This, on the one hand, leads to a cheaper working system, but also reduces the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the cameras.

7 / 9

What is the most common Condition treated by Nuclear Medizine??

Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid cancer

Neoroendocrine tumors

Palliativ bone pain

Refractory lymphoma

Squamous cell carcinoma or basic cell carcinoma

8 / 9

In the paragraph below, the functionality of radioiodine therapy is pictured. Type out the words in the correct order, using the same Spelling and Formatting which is given in the Selection of words.

Radioiodine therapy uses the _______ radioisotope for therapy treatment. It can be administered orally or _______. Biologically, the radioiodine is only _____ in large amounts by the ______ due to the metabolic conversion processes for the thyroid _______ production . This also pictures its main advantage: the total radiation dose is mainly _______ on the thyroid, whereas the rest of the body is affected by significantly _____ radiation exposure. By that, several disorders and Tumors located at the thyroid can be treated specifically without greater ______ on other organs.

stored / Iodine-131 / hormone / thyroid / intravenously / focused / influence / lower

9 / 9

For which types of disorders is radioiodine therapy used.

Colon cancer

Graves disease

Hyperthyroidism

Lung cancer

Thyroid Adenoma

Thyroid cancer

Your score is

Test - 6. Nuclear Medicine (Part 2)

1 / 7

What is the aim of quality assurance in nuclear medicine? Type out the goal and Fill in the missing words

Ultimate goal: safety of the ... with ... use and ... strain, and safety of ... and third parties.

2 / 7

The background count rate is also referred to as the zero effect (DE: Nulleffekt) and must be checked regularly in nuclear medicine quality assurance. How often must the background count rate be checked for gamma cameras and how is it defined?

Semi-annual check, the background count rate is defined as the quotient of the pulse rate and the measurement time with a known radioactive source.

Annual check, the background count rate is defined as the quotient of the pulse rate without a radioactive source and the pulse rate with a known radioactive source.

Check before each use, the background count rate is defined as the quotient of the pulse rate without a radioactive source and the pulse rate with a known radioactive source.

Checking every work day, the background count rate is defined as the quotient of the pulse rate and the measurement time without radioactive source.

3 / 7

What can be calculated using the formula above concerning radiophysics?

Background Effect

Energy Window

Yield

None of these

Energy Resolution

4 / 7

Above what energy of radiation can activation products be expected?
In physics, activation refers to the transformation of stable into unstable, radioactive substances by irradiation. Depending on the element, this occurs from a gamma energy of about...

4Me

2Me

1.5Me

22Me

5 / 7

How is linearity defined?

Linearity is the property of a system to always react to a change in one parameter with a proportional change in another parameter.

Linearity is the property of a system to always react to a change in one parameter with a unproportional change in another parameter.

Linearity is the property of a system to always react to a change in one parameter with a constant change in another parameter.

None of these

6 / 7

Which measurements must be carried out for combination devices?

Checking the interfaces

Overlay accuracy

Positional accuracy of the bed

Bed deflection

None of the above

7 / 7

How much may the measured value of the yield of an activimeter deviate from the nominal value?

±15%

±10%

±0.5%

±5%

Your score is

Test - 7. Radiology (Part 1: Basics & Conventional Radiology)

1 / 11

Label the X-ray tube correctly. Select the box with the correctly numbered labels.

1.Cathode Filament 2.Vacuum Chamber 3.High Voltage Supply 4.Filter 5.Anode - Target 6.Lead Shielding

1.High Voltage supply 2.Vacuum Chamber 3.Anode - Target 4.Filter 5.Cathode Filament 6.Lead Shielding

1.High Voltage supply 2.Lead Shielding 3.Anode - Target 4.Filter 5.Cathode Filament 6.Vacuum Chamber

1.High Voltage supply 2.Lead Shielding 3.Cathode Filament 4.Filter 5.Anode - Target 6.Vacuum Chamber

2 / 11

Which of the following statements concerning the spectrum pictured above are true?

The diagram above illustrates the specific spectrum of X-rays. The continuous spectrum is developed by the deceleration of electrons close to the nuclei of the target material. The peaks found in the range of lower photon energies are called L -lines, which refer to photons transitioned from the L-Shell . Corresponding peaks found in the range of higher energies are called K -lines, which in turn refer to photons transitioned from the K-Shell .

The diagram above illustrates the specific spectrum of X-rays. The continuous spectrum is developed by the acceleration of electrons close to the nuclei of the target material. The peaks found in the range of higher photon energies are called L -lines, which refer to photons transitioned from the L-Shell . Corresponding peaks found in the range of lower energies are called K -lines, which in turn refer to photons transitioned from the K-Shell .

None of these

3 / 11

How is a Line Spectrum created?

The Line Spektrum is formed by the ejection if orbital electrons from the outer energy shell and the subsequent transitions of electrons from the outer inner shells.

The Line Spektrum is formed by the ejection if orbital electrons from the inner energy shell and the subsequent transitions of electrons from the outer shells.

None of these

4 / 11

Which Statments are correct for Electron Shells?

They are labelled from inner to outer shell in the order: KLMNOPQ

They are labelled from outer to inner shells in the order: KLMNOPQ

The energy level is from the outer to innner shell is, lowest to highes energy

The energy level is from the inner to outer shell is, lowest to highes energy

5 / 11

Which effect is pictured below?

Photo effect

Compton effect

6 / 11

Which Statement describes the Photo Effect?

Also called eEastic Scattering. The incident photon changes its direction when it collides with the Atom. No energy transfer takes place.

The incident photon transfers energy to the electron of the atom, changes its direction and moves on with a lower energy. The excited electron (usually relatively weakly bound) leaves the atom with the resulting energy from collision and binding.

If a photon with increased energy hits an atom, this photon can release an electron from the shell. This atom is then no longer in the ground state, which would make the most sense energetically. In order to reach this state again, an electron from the atom takes this place, thereby producing energy in the form of photon release.

7 / 11

Which Statement describes Rayleigh Scattering?

Also called eEastic Scattering. The incident photon changes its direction when it collides with the Atom. No energy transfer takes place.

8 / 11

Which effect is pictured below?

Photo effect

Compton effect

None of these

9 / 11

Which Statement describes Compton scattering?

Also called eEastic Scattering. The incident photon changes its direction when it collides with the Atom. No energy transfer takes place.

10 / 11

Rank the 5 basic densities that are distinguished in conventional radiography. Starting with the lowest density and then scaling up to highest density.

1.Metal 2.Bone 3.Fluid/Soft Tissue 4.Fat 5.Air

1.Air 2.Fat 3.Fluid/Soft Tissue 4.Bone 5. Metal

1.Air 2.Fluid/Soft Tissue 3.Fat 4.Bone 5. Metal

1.Air 2.Metal 3.Bone 4.Fluid/Soft Tissue 5.Fat

11 / 11

Which Labels are correct?

1.Right 2.Inferior 3.Left 4.Superior

1.Left 2.Inferior 3.Right 4.Superior

1.Right 2.Superior 3.Left 4.Interior

1.Left 2.Superior 3.Right 4.Interior

Your score is

Test - 7. Radiology (Part 2: CT)

1 / 16

Which voltage supply range is used in CT?

60 keV - 120 keV

100 keV - 180 keV

> 180 keV

80 keV - 140 keV

2 / 16

The Houndsfield Unit is the Unit of radiodensity used in CT Scans.

Which order of HU Values fits the list below?

Bone
Fat
Water
Air
Lung
Softtissue

1. -400 – -600 / 2.-66 – -100 / 3. -100 / 4.0 / 5. +400 – +1000 / 6.+40 – +80

1. -400 – -600 / 2.+40 – +80 / 3. -100 / 4. 0 / 5. +400 – +1000 / 6.-66 – -100

1.+400 – +1000 / 2.-66 – -100 / 3. 0 / 4.-100 / 5. -400 – -600 / 6.+40 – +80

1.-400 – -600 / 2.-66 – -100 / 3. 0 / 4.-100 / 5. +400 – +1000 / 6.+40 – +80

3 / 16

Which types of CT scanning methods are used for imaging?

Sequence

Multislice

Cardio

Power

Spiral

Dynamic

None of these

4 / 16

Which of these parameters introduced in the chapter "Radiologie" can be modified during a CT scan?

Voltage

Current

Radiation Time

Yield

Pitch

Temperature

None of these

5 / 16

What is Computer Topographical Perfusion?

Computer Topographical Perfusion ...

... is an examination method which aims at the blood flow of the patient.

... includes the administration of an iodine contrast agent, repetitive sectional images of the desired target volume are recorded.

... fundamental is the linear relationship between the concentration of the contrast medium and the decrease or increase in the blood vessel.

None of these

6 / 16

Which artifacts typical for a CT Scan are Physical artefacts?

Partial volume effects

Photon starvation

Metal artefacts

Motion artefacts

Ring artefacts

Cone beam artefacts

Hardening artefacts

Step artefacts

7 / 16

Which Artifacts typical for a CT Scan are Patient induced artefacts?

Hardening artefacts

Partial volume effects

Photon starvation

Metal artefacts

Motion artefacts

Ring artefacts

Cone beam artefacts

Step artefacts

8 / 16

Which Artifacts typical for a CT Scan are CT-based artefacts?

Hardening artefacts

Partial volume effects

Photon starvation

Metal artefacts

Motion artefacts

Ring artefacts

Cone beam artefacts

Step artefacts

9 / 16

Concerning CT-Quality-Assurance, what is meant by Uniformity?

Refers to the ability of the scanner to yield the same CT number regardless of location of an ROI within a homogeneous object.

Refers to the ability of the scanner to yield the same CT number in relation to the location of an ROI within a homogeneous object.

Refers to the ability of the scanner to yield the same CT number in relation to the location of an ROI within a inhomogeneous object.

Refers to the ability of the scanner to yield the same CT number regardless of location of an ROI within a inhomogeneous object.

10 / 16

What are Phantoms used for in Radiology?

Phantoms are used...

...to measure dose and mimic the tumour or organ size to estimate the Patient dose, this is mostly used to evaluate the Effective Dose

...to measure dose and mimic the head or body size to estimate the Patient dose, this is mostly used to evaluate the Activity / Decay rate

...to measure dose and mimic the head or body size to estimate the Patient dose, this is mostly used to evaluate the Effective Dose

...to measure harmfulness and mimic the head or body size to estimate the Patient dose, this is mostly used to evaluate the Effective Dose

11 / 16

Which definition of the CTDI is the most fitting? Pay attention to the corresponding unit. Choose the correct answers.

The CT dose index is a measure of the total dose in a scan slice. This value is measured in clearly defined quadradic phantoms, which are differentiated for the head (16 cm diameter) and for the body (32 cm diameter).

It is measured in mGy.

The CT dose index is a measure of the total dose in a scan slice. This value is measured in clearly defined cylindrical phantoms, which are differentiated for the head (16 cm diameter) and for the body (32 cm diameter).

The CT dose index is a measure of the average dose in a scan slice. This value is measured in clearly defined cylindrical phantoms, which are differentiated for the head (16 cm diameter) and for the body (32 cm diameter).

It is measured in mGycm.

It is measured in Gy.

The CT dose index is a measure of the average dose in a scan slice. This value is measured in clearly defined quadradic phantoms, which are differentiated for the head (16 cm diameter) and for the body (32 cm diameter).

It is measured in Gycm.

12 / 16

How is a CTDI_vol acquired?

By including the spiral movement of the CT scan, dividing the weighted CTDI by the pitch factor.

By including the spiral movement of the CT scan, dividing the weighted CTDI by the slice thickness.

By including the axial movement of the CT scan, dividing the weighted CTDI by the pitch factor.

By including the axial movement of the CT scan, dividing the weighted CTDI by the slice thickness.

13 / 16

Which definition of the DLP is the most fitting? Pay attention to the corresponding unit. Choose the correct answers.

The DLP multiplies the weighted CTDI by the total scan length.

The DLP multiplies the effective CTDI by the total scan length.

The DLP multiplies the CTDI by the total scan length.

It is measured in mGy.

It is measured in Gy.

It is measured in mGycm.

It is measured in Gycm.

14 / 16

Which of the following values concerning the reference CTDI of the Cervical spine is correct?

CTDIvol = 50 mGy

CTDIvol = 10 mGy

CTDIvol/mGy = 25

CTDIvol = 35 mGy

15 / 16

Which of the following values concerning the reference CTDI of the Brain skull is correct?

CTDIvol = 100 mGy

CTDIvol = 60 mGy

CTDIvol = 120 mGy

CTDIvol = 40 mGy

16 / 16

Which of the following values concerning the reference CTDI of the Lung (high contrast) is correct?

CTDIvol/mGy = 3

CTDIvol = 10 mGy

CTDIvol = 5 mGy

CTDIvol = 15 mGy

Your score is

Test - 7. Radiology (Part 3: Interventional Radiology)

1 / 22

Interventional Radiology is _____ , image guided procedures. _____ are used to navigate inside the body from a pinhole in the _____. Imaging modalities include CT , Fluoroscop, Ultrasound and MRI.

minimally invasiv / Blood vessels / skin

minimally invasiv / gastrovascular cavitys (digestive tract) / skin

invasiv / gastrovascular cavitys (digestive tract) / skin

invasiv / Blood vessels / skin

2 / 22

Which tools are used in Interventional Radiology?

Biopsy guns

Thrombectomy devices

Stents, Wired and Grafts

Balloons

Skin Stapler

3 / 22

What are some of the Patients Impacts?

Incision of only a few milimeters

Incision of only a few centimeters

local anesthetic but never sedation needed

local anesthetic but sometimes sedation needed

Patient is able to go home on same day

Patient needs to stay at least one night for observation

Ability to perform procedures in sicker patients

Ability to perform procedures only in healthy patients

4 / 22

What are some main areas of IR Procedures and Cases:

Neuro

Cancer

Urology

Vascular

Cardiology

Gastrointestinal

Men and Womens Health

5 / 22

What is understood by Pulsed Fluoroscopy in respect to the FPS and image time?

In pulsed fluoroscopy, the X-rays are emitted in a pulsed stream, achieving a lower image time at the same FPS related to continuous fluoroscopy. This leads to a reduction in motion blur.

In pulsed fluoroscopy, the X-rays are emitted in a pulsed stream, achieving a higher image time at the same FPS related to continuous fluoroscopy. This leads to a reduction in motion blur.

In pulsed fluoroscopy, the X-rays are emitted in a pulsed stream, achieving a higher image time at the same FPS related to continuous fluoroscopy. This leads to an increase in motion blur.

none of these

6 / 22

What are some advantages of Pulsed Fluoroscopy?

Patient dose is increased

Patient dose is reduced

Motion blur is reduced

Motion blur is increased

7 / 22

What are the main differences between cardiology and angiography systems?

Listed below are some facts about either cardiology or angiography systems, which are correct for cardiology systems?

Large anode angle (around 12 degrees)

small anode angle (around 10 degrees)

large detector (30cm x 40cm & 40cm x 40cm FoV)

small detector (18cm FoV)

Dual focalspot (0.8mm & 0.4mm)

Triple focal spot (0.8mm , 0.4mm & 0.2mm)

Few exam protocal settings

Many exam protocol settings

8 / 22

What are the main differences between cardiology and angiography systems?

Listed below are some facts about either cardiology or angiography systems, which are correct for angiography systems?

Large anode angle (around 12 degrees)

small anode angle (around 10 degrees)

large detector (30cm x 40cm & 40cm x 40cm FoV)

small detector (18cm FoV)

Dual focalspot (0.8mm & 0.4mm)

Triple focal spot (0.8mm , 0.4mm & 0.2mm)

Few exam protocal settings

Many exam protocol settings

9 / 22

Mammography uses ______ , since the investigated body region is mainly soft tissue. Each breast is recorded from at least *two directions*. The ___________ are the cranio-caudal image (X-ray of the chest from above) and the *MLO image* (mediolateral oblique, X-ray of the chest from the center outwards).

soft radiation / three directions / two of the three, most commonly used projections / cranio-caudal / MLO image

dens radiation / two directions / two most commonly used projections / cranio-caudal / MLO image

soft radiation / two directions / two most commonly used projections / cranio-caudal / MLO image

dens radiation / three directions / two of the three, most commonly used projections / MLO image / cranio-caudal

soft radiation / two directions / two most commonly used projections / MLO image / cranio-caudal

10 / 22

Which energy range is used for conventional 2D-Mammography?. Select the correct answer.

23 keV - 35 keV

13 keV - 25 keV

23 keV - 50 keV

3 keV - 10 keV

11 / 22

With which two modalities do Mammograms happen?

_____ mammography and _____ mammography

Type out the words missing in the following way, replacing the words given with your answers:

One / Two

12 / 22

Types of Dental Radiographs:

Which of the following statements are Correct?

Intraoral = Bitewing, Periapical and Ocdusa

Intraoral = Panoramic and Cephalometric

Extraoral = Bitewing, Periapical and Ocdusal

Extraoral = Panoramic and Cephalometric

13 / 22

Concerning the buccal object rule in dental radiography, it is stated that if an object moves in the same direction as the source of the x-ray beam, it is buccal to the other object. If the object moves in the opposite direction of the source, it is lingual to the other object. Correct?

True

False

14 / 22

There are two types of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, T1 and T2. Which statements are correct for T1 Imaging?

TR - Relaxation time is short

TR - Relaxation time is long

Excitation time is short

Excitation time is long

Inflammation is bright

Inflammation is dark

Water is bright

Water is dark

Blood is bright

Fat is bright

Flowing fluid is dark

15 / 22

There are two types of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, T1 and T2. Which statements are correct for T2 Imaging?

TR - Relaxation time is short

TR - Relaxation time is long

Excitation time is short

Excitation time is long

Inflammation is bright

Inflammation is dark

Water is bright

Water is dark

Blood is bright

Fat is bright

Flowing fluid is dark

16 / 22

Which structure or substance is well imaged using a T2 MRI in contrast to a T1 MRI?

Fat

White-matter

Gray-matter

Anatomy

Slowly-flowing-blood

Water-content

Protein-rich-fluid

Pathology

17 / 22

Which structure or substance is well imaged using a T1 MRI in contrast to a T2 MRI?

Fat

White-matter

Gray-matter

Anatomy

Slowly-flowing-blood

Water-content

Protein-rich-fluid

Pathology

18 / 22

What type of MRI is pictured above?

19 / 22

What type of MRI is pictured above?

20 / 22

Which of these following organs can be tendentially imaged well using Ultrasound?

Brain

Heart

Liver

Kidney

Spinal Cord

Pancreas

Trachea

Coronary arteries

Pulmonary pleurae

Skin

Thyroid

Lymphnodes

Testicles

Ureter

21 / 22

Which of these following organs can be tendentially imaged bad using Ultrasound?

Brain

Heart

Liver

Kidney

Spinal cord

Pancreas

Trachea

Coronary arteries

Pulmonary pleurae

Skin

Thyroid

Lymphnodes

Testicles

Ureter

22 / 22

Which effect is used in Sonographs in order to produce and detect Ultrasound? You may just write it without "-effect".

Your score is

Test - 8. Space Environment

1 / 15

Which of these are main components of the Space environment?

Earth's magnetic field

Upper residual atmosphere

X-rays

meteoroids

Beta particles

ISS

2 / 15

Which impacts or Radiation in Space were introduced?

Aurora borealis

Heavy ions

Electrons

Disruptions to communication and navigation

Impacts of meteoroids and space debris on satellites, meteors and near-Earth asteroids.

3 / 15

What is the main component of cosmic rays?

Protons

Heavy ions

Electrons

Alpha Particles

Beta Particles

4 / 15

Most Rays which reach the Earth are stopped by various parts of the atmospher. What stops Infrared Rays?

Water Vapour

The Ozon Layer

Oxygen

Carbondioxid

Nitrogen

Argon

5 / 15

Most Rays which reach the Earth are stopped by various parts of the atmospher. What stops Ultraviolet Rays?

Water Vapour

The Ozon Layer

Oxygen

Carbondioxid

Nitrogen

Argon

6 / 15

Most Rays which reach the Earth are stopped by various parts of the atmospher. What stops X-Rays and Gamma Rays?

Water Vapour

The Ozon Layer

Oxygen

Cabondioxid

Nitrogen

Argon

7 / 15

The Magneticfield of the Earth has a few weak points what are these?

The Atmosphere

The Poles

The Magnetic field

8 / 15

Which of the statements concerning the development of Aurora Borealis is correct?

The electrons of the solar wind collide with molecules in the atmosphere. The molecules are energetically charged and stimulated to glow.

The protons of the solar wind collide with electrons in the atmosphere. The electrons are energetically charged and stimulated to glow.

Alpha Particles of the solar wind ionize molecules in the atmosphere. The molecules are in an excited state and stimulated to glow.

None of these

9 / 15

Which of these materials offers the best reduction of cosmic radiation dose in space?

Polyethylene

Titanium

Kevlar

Aluminium

10 / 15

There are many different bodies that can be found in the Solar System. Choose the Correct description for Meteoroids.

Meteoroids...

...are icy Solar System bodies that, when passing close to the Sun, warm and begin to release gases, a process called outgassing.

...are described as the visible passage of these mentioned Solar System bodies. If they are especially bright, they are further categorized as fireballs.

...are small rocky or metallic bodies in outer space, significantly smaller than Asteroids.

...are Litter produced in the space environment due to human interruption.

11 / 15

How does a Meteor Shower come about?

Meteors produced by meteoroids originating from different object are grouped together as meteor showers.

Meteors produced by meteoroids originating from the same object are grouped together as meteor showers.

Meteors produced by Asteroide originating from the same object are grouped together as meteor showers.

12 / 15

Which radiation sources caused by the natural space environment lead to damaging radiation irradiated on electronic circuits?

Van Allen radiation belt

Aurora Borealis

Cosmic rays

Solar flares

Black Holes

13 / 15

What are the different types of radiation damage in electronic components?

Lattice Displacement Damage

Total Ionizing Dose

Transient Dose Effekt

Single Event Effekt

Gate Oxide Thickness

14 / 15

There are various radiation damages which can effect a Spacecraft. What is the Single Event Effects?

When particles penetrate lattice and knock atoms out of place. This Creates trapping centres, atomic alterations in insulators and transient electrical currents and thus permanent damage to electronics.

Concerning for long missions in space near nuclear reactors. This causes a decreases the speed of Processors, increases in bias currents in Op-amps and darkens colour centres in Fiber optics.

High-energy particles travel through a semiconductor and leaves an ionised track, also known as a filament tail, behind. Some Effekts of this are Data and instruction corruption and errors, and logical state changes.

15 / 15

Which silicon-based techniques are used to achieve radiation hardening on electronic circuits?

SOI (on insolator)

SOS (on Sapphire)

SOD (on Diamond)

SOT (on Titanium)

SOM (on Metal)

Your score is